Widjaja Mertokusumo in tulisanya entitled "Recycling Sawahlunto mining town, this mengugah me, to try the other side menulusuri Samarinda City that has been dubbed as mine, because almost all the country surrounded by mining permit (Mining).
What about the East Kalimantan province alone, the data in 2009 from the Department of Mines, that already there are 33 mining permits a Coal Mining Agreement (PKP2B) from the Central Government and permission KP 1212, with half the area of East Kalimantan region.
With a lot of mine, certainly caused a lot of impact, and social problems. So does mine not so long age, and nature that can not be updated with any road, although there are post-closure reclamation efforts. Which obviously will remain the largest remaining wells, the width and which can not be closed in again. Not to mention let alone using models of mining permits issued by local governments and the Chest (Mining illegal) is far from the reclamation effort.
Post-closure positive side, this could be the asset, East Kalimantan, Samarinda especially to learn to make mine who've run out his contract into something useful and beneficial to society. Yes by creating ex-mining areas are developed, managed, into the business of tourism.
It was developed in Australia, which generate foreign exchange and become an attractive tourist there, what about Indonesia, we can learn from the mining town of Sawahlunto. The city already has a clear vision to make "Sawahlunto in 2020 into a cultured town mine tour. A rare courage to make local government, as embodied in the book report mining tourist town Sawahlunto (2001).
Mine was chosen and used as a tourist attraction, because of the uniqueness, and excellence in Sawahluntuh dikawasaan West Sumatra. On the basis that here is the first and oldest mines in Indonesia. Mine are moving by means of forced labor and the research and development of mining technology from long ago.
The area of former mines and remnants of mining activity or activity that is focused and packaged as a tourist attraction as part of mine tours such as:
1. 1. Tread or shallow mining site / open and mine sites in;
2. 2. Processing installation or management of mining products, namely the installation of dams pencuciam solution (sizing) of coal;
3. 3. Transport infrastructure and mining products, from the mine until kepelabuan; and
4. 4. Socio-cultural product in the form of mining activities, equipment and supplies related to the life of the mine.
Efforts perintisaan mines tourism activities, need to remember Kaltim, a lot of holes peningggalan or sumbur-source ex-mine. This future can be used as a place of tourism activities and heritage preservation, which can be understood as an attempt to interpret the re-mining activities as part of natural resource wealth Kaltim.
Something real and not managed as it is in the former gold mining area of PT Kem in West Kutai. now almost a ghost town, all the employees go, and settlement activities also began to quiet, quiet, and the mes / mes or former office building that went untreated. It is time for local governments to be creative with the idea of a museum of mining in East Kalimantan. In order to develop potential areas of East Kalimantan province known as the abundant natural resources such as: forests, mines, plantations, and others.
It's time to have thought to put mine on the side of humanity, the beauty, and the glory and the rasp of this beautiful nature. By making the former mine area as a tourist mine, we can learn a lot about how Kaltim mine could become the world's largest coal pengeskpor, mine? How coal is abundant not menyamin electric presence in East Kalimantan, do not make citizens prosperous, growing poverty and unemployment are rising, and power struggles in the name of elections received from mine. All life in this city is so tempting and shiny party scrambling in a black gold mining, power, politics, and the rasp was as a single integral in human peradapan Samarinda.
Kaltim Oh Kaltim 10 years would end the black gold party belle province today, the only remaining former mining area. Forward This makes perfect solution Kaltim as tourist destination of Indonesia's largest mining. Staying the commitment, vision, clear mission .. from local governments to realize .. Hopefully
Tuesday, December 28, 2010
Wednesday, December 15, 2010
Tourn to Sangalaki Island.
Not many know that in the northern part of East Kalimantan, Berau regency there are precisely in a very beautiful island that is Derawan Islands. Islands consisting of 28 small island offers beautiful beaches and stunning underwater world. Some islands are prioritized to be developed as a maritime tourism in these islands is the Island Derawan, Maratua Island, Island Sangalaki and Kakaban. Each island has a natural beauty and uniqueness of each and Sangalaki Island offers tourist attractions that you might not find on other islands.
WHAT YOU CAN ENJOY IN Sangalaki?
Sangalaki is a small island covering an area about 13 ha. With a relaxed way, you can menglilingi island with the status of Nature Park (TWA) is only within 30 minutes. During the trip, you will enjoy the white sandy beaches and charming sea. In the morning and evening, you can also enjoy the natural phenomena of sunrise and sunset are amazing.
Not only that, as long as you circle the island, you can also see a variety of wildlife that you've probably never seen before. Such as coconut crabs, monitor lizards, eagles bondol, singed bird of the Philippines, reef egrets, birds pergam sea and shore birds / other sea. Along the coast, you can also find various types of mollusks (clams) in various shapes and colors.
In addition, the island also has a natural Sangalaki under a beautiful sea, coral reefs in this island is one of the best in the world. Average coral cover was 26.75% Sangalaki Island to hard coral reefs and 42.50% for life. Based on a survey conducted in 2003 Laeden Museum Naturalis, the Water Island and Island Sangalaki Derawan found 40 species of coral fungi (mushroom coral). This is the location of water areas with the highest diversity of coral mushrooms in Berau MPA (Wiryawan et al, 2005). Sangalaki Island waters also contained 1051 species of reef fish and five species of seagrass.
WHAT IS UNIQUE IN Sangalaki?
All tourist areas in the Islands Derawan has a beautiful underwater world, white sandy beaches and stunning natural scenery. But there is a special tourist attraction on the island of Sangalaki because this island is a turtle landing sites and areas of waters is the location of manta ray aggregation.
TWAL (Nature Park Sea) Sangalaki Island is the island's most important nesting green turtles in Southeast Asia, maybe even the world. Every night, all year 10-30 turtles nesting on the island of Sangalaki. To meyaksikan this attraction, you have to spend the night on the island of turtle nesting activity Sangalaki because you can only meet at night. In addition, the island's turtle conservation activities are also conducted by the NGO, Fondation Turtle. Every morning the officer will move the eggs which were located too close to the sea to a more secure is to place semi-natural turtle hatching eggs. This activity is also quite interesting to follow.
Another uniqueness of the Island Sangalaki is the aggregation of manta rays in the waters of this island. Manta rays are the types of stingrays are the main food of plankton. Sangalaki waters have the highest abundance of zooplankton compared to other water areas in the Berau MPA. The high abundance of zooplankton, it makes this area as a manta ray aggregation of the most high. Manta rays are usually rises to the surface and eat plankton at low tide. And to witness this unique fish, you have to dive.
WHAT CAN BE DONE IN Sangalaki?
a. Diving and snorkeling
To view the underwater world and the various biota that is in it, you can dive or snorkel. These activities do you miss, because they say not to Sangalaki if you do not dive into its waters.
b. Wildlife Observation
The most interesting wildlife to be observed is the turtle. In addition to observing the turtle on the beach, visitors can also watch sea turtles eggs hatch in semi-natural turtle hatching on the island. Also, if you are interested, you can also do bird watching (Birdwatching) on the island.
c. Tracking
These activities are usually done almost by everyone who visited this island. Objects that can be observed is the scenery, forests, beaches, sunrise and sunset. Sangalaki Island can be surrounded in just 30 minutes, so that tracking can be carried visitors from all age classes.
d. Swim
Swimming is one activity that can be visitors in the shallow waters along the coast. This activity can be done in groups on the beach is relatively safe.
FACILITY THAT CAN YOU GET?
Existing facilities on the island of Sangalaki TWAL including 12 units of accommodation facilities in the form of cottages, restaurants / cafetraia, tourist facilities and souvenir kiosks. Each cottage is equipped with two beds and a bathroom. This cottage rental price per night is $ 50. Management of nature tourism on the island also leased Sangalaki tourist facilities of motor boats, diving equipment and snorkeling equipment.
HOW TO ACHIEVE Sangalaki?
Sangalaki travel to the island can be reached by landline and udara.Jarak perjanan travel overland from the provincial capital of Samarinda to Tanjung Redeb city is about ± 700 km with road access conditions 'are'. Samarinda road that connects with Cape Redeb ± 90% were in the asphalt, but the roads are potholes, narrow roads and many road sections damaged by the landslides make a rider must be careful. Types of vehicles that can be used is a car rental at a cost of approximately Rp. 3,000,000 for travel back and forth. While public transport available are buses with a capacity of 25 people denganharga ticket Rp. 125. 000 per person. Overland travel time if using a rental car is about ± 15 hours, whereas if using public transport can be up to ± 20 hours.
From the capital city of Cape Redeb Berau, proceed overland trip to Tanjung Batu. Ditampuh distance is about 100 km, transport vehicles used are regularly called "taxi". This transport deer-shaped car which departs at 8 am from Cape Redeb, the cost is Rp. 50,000 per person and takes about ± 2.5 hours. Road section was paved and mostly good kondisinyarelatif.
From Tanjung Batu, a trip to the Island Sangalaki proceed with hiring a speed boat or motorized. The rental price speedboat maximum capacity 5 people are USD. 400,000 - Rp. 600 000 for the trip home and away. If the overnight fee for the boat could reach Rp. 650000-750000, sedangkanharga motorized rental ranges from Rp. 150. 000 - Rp. 200 000 round trip. Although the cost of travel by motorized cheaper, but the latency to reach four times the travel time speedboat. The trip by speedboat from Tanjung Batu to the Island Sangalaki applied for 2-3 hours, while when using a motorized can reach ± 8 - 12 hours
Travel to the island of Cape Redeb Sangalaki can also be done by using the speedboat directly from the Port of Tanjung Redeb. Fee for the boat to the island of Cape Redeb Sangalaki reached Rp. 5 million round-trip with a travel time of about 3-4 hours drive. Until now there is no regular water transport to the island of Sangalaki, regular transport is available only to the island Derawan. From this island is common for visitors who want to hire Sangalaki Island fishermen's wooden boat.
In addition to land routes, travel to the Island Sangalaki can also be reached by air route. Travel by plane can be done from the Airport or from Airport Temindung Sepinggan Samarinda Balikpapan Airport in Tanjung Redeb Kalimarau. The next trip may be in the same way by road.
TOUR PACKAGES OFFERED
In general the hotels in Cape Redeb offer specific tour packages for visitors who are interested to travel to the Islands Derawan. Derawan Island can be said as a center of maritime tourism in these islands. In addition to its already the regular transportation to this island, the island's tourist facilities there are also more complete and supported by other infrastructure such as electricity, telecommunications and other sources of clean water. Therefore, there are tour packages that are usually centered on the island. From this island visitors can travel to other islands such as Pulau Maratua, Sangalaki Island, Island Kakaban Semama and located adjacent to each other.
For day trips to the island of Sangalaki, you really have to spend a little in, but do not worry because you will get to experience an unforgettable tour. So what are you waiting? (Source Kaltim Conservation Center)
WHAT YOU CAN ENJOY IN Sangalaki?
Sangalaki is a small island covering an area about 13 ha. With a relaxed way, you can menglilingi island with the status of Nature Park (TWA) is only within 30 minutes. During the trip, you will enjoy the white sandy beaches and charming sea. In the morning and evening, you can also enjoy the natural phenomena of sunrise and sunset are amazing.
Not only that, as long as you circle the island, you can also see a variety of wildlife that you've probably never seen before. Such as coconut crabs, monitor lizards, eagles bondol, singed bird of the Philippines, reef egrets, birds pergam sea and shore birds / other sea. Along the coast, you can also find various types of mollusks (clams) in various shapes and colors.
In addition, the island also has a natural Sangalaki under a beautiful sea, coral reefs in this island is one of the best in the world. Average coral cover was 26.75% Sangalaki Island to hard coral reefs and 42.50% for life. Based on a survey conducted in 2003 Laeden Museum Naturalis, the Water Island and Island Sangalaki Derawan found 40 species of coral fungi (mushroom coral). This is the location of water areas with the highest diversity of coral mushrooms in Berau MPA (Wiryawan et al, 2005). Sangalaki Island waters also contained 1051 species of reef fish and five species of seagrass.
WHAT IS UNIQUE IN Sangalaki?
All tourist areas in the Islands Derawan has a beautiful underwater world, white sandy beaches and stunning natural scenery. But there is a special tourist attraction on the island of Sangalaki because this island is a turtle landing sites and areas of waters is the location of manta ray aggregation.
TWAL (Nature Park Sea) Sangalaki Island is the island's most important nesting green turtles in Southeast Asia, maybe even the world. Every night, all year 10-30 turtles nesting on the island of Sangalaki. To meyaksikan this attraction, you have to spend the night on the island of turtle nesting activity Sangalaki because you can only meet at night. In addition, the island's turtle conservation activities are also conducted by the NGO, Fondation Turtle. Every morning the officer will move the eggs which were located too close to the sea to a more secure is to place semi-natural turtle hatching eggs. This activity is also quite interesting to follow.
Another uniqueness of the Island Sangalaki is the aggregation of manta rays in the waters of this island. Manta rays are the types of stingrays are the main food of plankton. Sangalaki waters have the highest abundance of zooplankton compared to other water areas in the Berau MPA. The high abundance of zooplankton, it makes this area as a manta ray aggregation of the most high. Manta rays are usually rises to the surface and eat plankton at low tide. And to witness this unique fish, you have to dive.
WHAT CAN BE DONE IN Sangalaki?
a. Diving and snorkeling
To view the underwater world and the various biota that is in it, you can dive or snorkel. These activities do you miss, because they say not to Sangalaki if you do not dive into its waters.
b. Wildlife Observation
The most interesting wildlife to be observed is the turtle. In addition to observing the turtle on the beach, visitors can also watch sea turtles eggs hatch in semi-natural turtle hatching on the island. Also, if you are interested, you can also do bird watching (Birdwatching) on the island.
c. Tracking
These activities are usually done almost by everyone who visited this island. Objects that can be observed is the scenery, forests, beaches, sunrise and sunset. Sangalaki Island can be surrounded in just 30 minutes, so that tracking can be carried visitors from all age classes.
d. Swim
Swimming is one activity that can be visitors in the shallow waters along the coast. This activity can be done in groups on the beach is relatively safe.
FACILITY THAT CAN YOU GET?
Existing facilities on the island of Sangalaki TWAL including 12 units of accommodation facilities in the form of cottages, restaurants / cafetraia, tourist facilities and souvenir kiosks. Each cottage is equipped with two beds and a bathroom. This cottage rental price per night is $ 50. Management of nature tourism on the island also leased Sangalaki tourist facilities of motor boats, diving equipment and snorkeling equipment.
HOW TO ACHIEVE Sangalaki?
Sangalaki travel to the island can be reached by landline and udara.Jarak perjanan travel overland from the provincial capital of Samarinda to Tanjung Redeb city is about ± 700 km with road access conditions 'are'. Samarinda road that connects with Cape Redeb ± 90% were in the asphalt, but the roads are potholes, narrow roads and many road sections damaged by the landslides make a rider must be careful. Types of vehicles that can be used is a car rental at a cost of approximately Rp. 3,000,000 for travel back and forth. While public transport available are buses with a capacity of 25 people denganharga ticket Rp. 125. 000 per person. Overland travel time if using a rental car is about ± 15 hours, whereas if using public transport can be up to ± 20 hours.
From the capital city of Cape Redeb Berau, proceed overland trip to Tanjung Batu. Ditampuh distance is about 100 km, transport vehicles used are regularly called "taxi". This transport deer-shaped car which departs at 8 am from Cape Redeb, the cost is Rp. 50,000 per person and takes about ± 2.5 hours. Road section was paved and mostly good kondisinyarelatif.
From Tanjung Batu, a trip to the Island Sangalaki proceed with hiring a speed boat or motorized. The rental price speedboat maximum capacity 5 people are USD. 400,000 - Rp. 600 000 for the trip home and away. If the overnight fee for the boat could reach Rp. 650000-750000, sedangkanharga motorized rental ranges from Rp. 150. 000 - Rp. 200 000 round trip. Although the cost of travel by motorized cheaper, but the latency to reach four times the travel time speedboat. The trip by speedboat from Tanjung Batu to the Island Sangalaki applied for 2-3 hours, while when using a motorized can reach ± 8 - 12 hours
Travel to the island of Cape Redeb Sangalaki can also be done by using the speedboat directly from the Port of Tanjung Redeb. Fee for the boat to the island of Cape Redeb Sangalaki reached Rp. 5 million round-trip with a travel time of about 3-4 hours drive. Until now there is no regular water transport to the island of Sangalaki, regular transport is available only to the island Derawan. From this island is common for visitors who want to hire Sangalaki Island fishermen's wooden boat.
In addition to land routes, travel to the Island Sangalaki can also be reached by air route. Travel by plane can be done from the Airport or from Airport Temindung Sepinggan Samarinda Balikpapan Airport in Tanjung Redeb Kalimarau. The next trip may be in the same way by road.
TOUR PACKAGES OFFERED
In general the hotels in Cape Redeb offer specific tour packages for visitors who are interested to travel to the Islands Derawan. Derawan Island can be said as a center of maritime tourism in these islands. In addition to its already the regular transportation to this island, the island's tourist facilities there are also more complete and supported by other infrastructure such as electricity, telecommunications and other sources of clean water. Therefore, there are tour packages that are usually centered on the island. From this island visitors can travel to other islands such as Pulau Maratua, Sangalaki Island, Island Kakaban Semama and located adjacent to each other.
For day trips to the island of Sangalaki, you really have to spend a little in, but do not worry because you will get to experience an unforgettable tour. So what are you waiting? (Source Kaltim Conservation Center)
Friday, December 10, 2010
History of East Kalimantan
East Kalimantan was destined to become the pioneer of civilization in Indonesia. History proves it, because in this region are found the oldest kingdom in Indonesia, namely the kingdom Mulawarman located in the district of Muara Kaman. Kingdom is estimated to stand at abab IV AD, with the famous king Nala Mulawarman god. The descendants of King Mulawarman power continued until the 25th king named Maharaja Setia Derma (XXIII century AD).
By the power of Dynasties Mulawarman start to fade, on the east Kalimantan has established several kingdoms. Beginning with the kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara in Jaetan screen (now the entrance area of Kutai Lama.) Then stand well Tabur Mount Royal and Royal Sambaliung (Berau), Kingdom of Tanjung Palas (Bulungan) and the Kingdom Sandurangas (Pasir District).
The kingdoms are running the government in their respective territories and history recorded no serious dispute between the kingdoms, to enter the Dutch who colonized East Kalimantan since 1844.
The Dutch colonial government established the Federation of East Kalimantan, which is a composite of four kingdoms in East Kalimantan. When the Republic of Indonesia was established on August 17, 1945, the Federation of East Kalimantan are legally enter the territory of Indonesia and Kaltim rakyak was indeed choose to join with the Republic of Indonesia.
In the period of physical struggle (1945-1949), the people of East Kalimantan has also struggled to maintain independence with a climax with the events "Sanga-sanga" (January 1947), known as red-white event.
After experiencing a period of change from the form of the royal system of government became Special Region (1956) and eventually became the province (January 1957) which consists of four regencies (Kabupaten Kutai, Berau, Bulungan and Pasir District) plus two townships (Township Samarinda Township and Balikpapan).
Source: http://www.kaltimprov.go.id/kaltim.php?page=profile&id=32#
By the power of Dynasties Mulawarman start to fade, on the east Kalimantan has established several kingdoms. Beginning with the kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara in Jaetan screen (now the entrance area of Kutai Lama.) Then stand well Tabur Mount Royal and Royal Sambaliung (Berau), Kingdom of Tanjung Palas (Bulungan) and the Kingdom Sandurangas (Pasir District).
The kingdoms are running the government in their respective territories and history recorded no serious dispute between the kingdoms, to enter the Dutch who colonized East Kalimantan since 1844.
The Dutch colonial government established the Federation of East Kalimantan, which is a composite of four kingdoms in East Kalimantan. When the Republic of Indonesia was established on August 17, 1945, the Federation of East Kalimantan are legally enter the territory of Indonesia and Kaltim rakyak was indeed choose to join with the Republic of Indonesia.
In the period of physical struggle (1945-1949), the people of East Kalimantan has also struggled to maintain independence with a climax with the events "Sanga-sanga" (January 1947), known as red-white event.
After experiencing a period of change from the form of the royal system of government became Special Region (1956) and eventually became the province (January 1957) which consists of four regencies (Kabupaten Kutai, Berau, Bulungan and Pasir District) plus two townships (Township Samarinda Township and Balikpapan).
Source: http://www.kaltimprov.go.id/kaltim.php?page=profile&id=32#
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Friday, December 3, 2010
History Of Kutai
Kutai is the traditional name of a historic region in East Kalimantan in Indonesia on Borneo, a Dayak people of the region with a language of the same name and their historic states. Today the name is preserved in the names of three regencys in East Kalimantan, the Kutai Kartanegara Regency, West Kutai Regency and the East Kutai Regency. The major river of the region was and is the Mahakam River.
History
The history is usually divided into two periods, that of the early Kutai Martadipura phase some time around 350-400 and the later Kutai Kartanegara phase beginning around 1300.
Kutai Martadipura
Seven stone pillars, or yūpa (“sacrificial posts”), have been found in Kutai, Kaman Estuary, near the Mahakam River. The plinths bear an inscription in the Pallava script of India reading "A gift to the Brahmin priests". The style of the script has been dated to the last half the fourth century. It is believed these religions were brought to Indonesia around the second and fourth centuries, respectively, when Indian traders arrived on the islands of Sumatra, Java and Sulawesi.
The names of three rulers are known from the inscriptions. The first ruler mentioned is Kuṇḍungga, the “lord of men” (narendra), his son Aśwawarman, styled the “founder of the dynasty” (vaṇśa-kartṛ) and grandson of the first and son of the later, Mūlawarman called the “lord of kings” (rājendra). As Kuṇḍungga does not seem to be a name of Sanskrit hinduistic style while the other two are, it is presumed he was a leader of local origin and it was his son Aśwawarman that adopted the hinduistic belief. It was Mūlawarman who let these inscriptions be made. While nothing of the military actions of his two predecessors is known, "Raja" Mūlawarman states to have conquered his neighbours in battle. The name of his kingdom is not mentioned on the inscriptions nor do any other documents in other countries relate to a kingdom at this time in this region. It is not known what became of the kingdom after these pillars had been erected. It may be possible that the name Kutai, as in Tuñjung Kute of the 1365 Javanese Majapahit poem Nāgarakṛtāgama is as ancient and reflects the original name used a thousand years earlier.
Kutai Kartanegara
Around the end of the 13th century the kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara was established in the region of Tepian Batu or Kutai Lama. The first known ruler is Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti, who is thought to have ruled from 1300 to 1325. Aji Pangeran Sinum Panji Mendapa, who ruled 1635-1650, was able to conquer the kingdom of Kutai Martadipura and merged the two realms thus Kutai Kartanegara Ing Martadipura.
In 1667 the Dutch V.O.C. attacked Makassar on the island of Sulawesi leading to the downfall of the Bugis Kingdom of Gowa. Some of the Bugis under the leadership of Lamohang Daeng Mangkona or Pua Ado I immigrated to Kutai on neighbouring Borneo(Kalimantan) and the ruler of Kutai allowed them to settle in Kampung Melantai around the Karang Mumus River, now known as Kampung Selili. This settlement eventually developed into the modern town of Samarinda.
Islam took hold in the region since the 17th century (most of the Bugis where moslems) and Aji Muhammad Idris, ruling 1732-1739?, was the first ruler to have an islamic name.
After a civil war Aji Imbut, after finally becoming the ruler as Aji Muhammad Muslihuddin in 1780, moved the capital in 1782 from Pemarangan to Tepian Pandan. The name of the capital city eventually developed from Tangga Arung to its present form of Tenggarong.
In 1844 the Dutch defeated the Sultan Aji Muhammad Salehudin, forcing him into exile, and took direct control of Kutai.
The Japanese invaded the region in 1942 and aknowledged a "Kooti Kingdom", that was a subject of the Tenno. In 1945 Kutai joined, along with its neighbours, into the East Kalimantan federation.
In 1949 Kutai finally became part of the United Republic of Indonesia.
The Kutai Language
The traditional language of the region is referred to as Tanggarong Kutai Malay and is considered a local malay language, such as Banjarese and Bukit Malay to the south, Kota Bangun Kutai Malay to the west, Berau Malay to the north and others more distant. As such Tanggarong Kutai belongs to the large Austronesian family of languages. It is part of the Sunda-Sulawesi languages branch, together with Malay and Iban as well as Buginese from southern Sulawesi that is also spoken in Samarinda. It is somewhat less related to the Borneo-Philippines languages branch that can be found upstream of Kutai such as the Kenyah and Kayan language groups.
References
• Kutai Martadipura
o (Vogel, J.Ph. 1918 The yūpa inscriptions of King Mūlavarman from Koetei (East Borneo). Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 74:216-218.
o Chhabra, B.Ch. 1965 Expansion of Indo-Aryan culture during Pallava rule (as evidenced by inscriptions). Delhi: Munshi Ram Manohar Lal. 50-52, 85-92;
o Casparis, J.G. de 1975 Indonesian palaeography: a history of writing in Indonesia from the beginning to c.A.D. 1500. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 14-18
http://www.reference.com/browse/Kutai
History
The history is usually divided into two periods, that of the early Kutai Martadipura phase some time around 350-400 and the later Kutai Kartanegara phase beginning around 1300.
Kutai Martadipura
Seven stone pillars, or yūpa (“sacrificial posts”), have been found in Kutai, Kaman Estuary, near the Mahakam River. The plinths bear an inscription in the Pallava script of India reading "A gift to the Brahmin priests". The style of the script has been dated to the last half the fourth century. It is believed these religions were brought to Indonesia around the second and fourth centuries, respectively, when Indian traders arrived on the islands of Sumatra, Java and Sulawesi.
The names of three rulers are known from the inscriptions. The first ruler mentioned is Kuṇḍungga, the “lord of men” (narendra), his son Aśwawarman, styled the “founder of the dynasty” (vaṇśa-kartṛ) and grandson of the first and son of the later, Mūlawarman called the “lord of kings” (rājendra). As Kuṇḍungga does not seem to be a name of Sanskrit hinduistic style while the other two are, it is presumed he was a leader of local origin and it was his son Aśwawarman that adopted the hinduistic belief. It was Mūlawarman who let these inscriptions be made. While nothing of the military actions of his two predecessors is known, "Raja" Mūlawarman states to have conquered his neighbours in battle. The name of his kingdom is not mentioned on the inscriptions nor do any other documents in other countries relate to a kingdom at this time in this region. It is not known what became of the kingdom after these pillars had been erected. It may be possible that the name Kutai, as in Tuñjung Kute of the 1365 Javanese Majapahit poem Nāgarakṛtāgama is as ancient and reflects the original name used a thousand years earlier.
Kutai Kartanegara
Around the end of the 13th century the kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara was established in the region of Tepian Batu or Kutai Lama. The first known ruler is Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti, who is thought to have ruled from 1300 to 1325. Aji Pangeran Sinum Panji Mendapa, who ruled 1635-1650, was able to conquer the kingdom of Kutai Martadipura and merged the two realms thus Kutai Kartanegara Ing Martadipura.
In 1667 the Dutch V.O.C. attacked Makassar on the island of Sulawesi leading to the downfall of the Bugis Kingdom of Gowa. Some of the Bugis under the leadership of Lamohang Daeng Mangkona or Pua Ado I immigrated to Kutai on neighbouring Borneo(Kalimantan) and the ruler of Kutai allowed them to settle in Kampung Melantai around the Karang Mumus River, now known as Kampung Selili. This settlement eventually developed into the modern town of Samarinda.
Islam took hold in the region since the 17th century (most of the Bugis where moslems) and Aji Muhammad Idris, ruling 1732-1739?, was the first ruler to have an islamic name.
After a civil war Aji Imbut, after finally becoming the ruler as Aji Muhammad Muslihuddin in 1780, moved the capital in 1782 from Pemarangan to Tepian Pandan. The name of the capital city eventually developed from Tangga Arung to its present form of Tenggarong.
In 1844 the Dutch defeated the Sultan Aji Muhammad Salehudin, forcing him into exile, and took direct control of Kutai.
The Japanese invaded the region in 1942 and aknowledged a "Kooti Kingdom", that was a subject of the Tenno. In 1945 Kutai joined, along with its neighbours, into the East Kalimantan federation.
In 1949 Kutai finally became part of the United Republic of Indonesia.
The Kutai Language
The traditional language of the region is referred to as Tanggarong Kutai Malay and is considered a local malay language, such as Banjarese and Bukit Malay to the south, Kota Bangun Kutai Malay to the west, Berau Malay to the north and others more distant. As such Tanggarong Kutai belongs to the large Austronesian family of languages. It is part of the Sunda-Sulawesi languages branch, together with Malay and Iban as well as Buginese from southern Sulawesi that is also spoken in Samarinda. It is somewhat less related to the Borneo-Philippines languages branch that can be found upstream of Kutai such as the Kenyah and Kayan language groups.
References
• Kutai Martadipura
o (Vogel, J.Ph. 1918 The yūpa inscriptions of King Mūlavarman from Koetei (East Borneo). Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 74:216-218.
o Chhabra, B.Ch. 1965 Expansion of Indo-Aryan culture during Pallava rule (as evidenced by inscriptions). Delhi: Munshi Ram Manohar Lal. 50-52, 85-92;
o Casparis, J.G. de 1975 Indonesian palaeography: a history of writing in Indonesia from the beginning to c.A.D. 1500. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 14-18
http://www.reference.com/browse/Kutai
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